Instigation of the hostage crisis of 1979 Essay

Incitement of the prisoner emergency of 1979 - Essay Example The Iran Hostage Crisis started on November 4, 1979; when the genius Ayatollah understudies broke into the US international safe haven in Iran and took around 66 90 individuals prisoner, of which 66 were Americans. Thirteen prisoners were later liberated, bringing the number down to 53. Practically these 13 prisoners discharged were accepted to be African-American ladies, who in their view had a past filled with persecution by the very nation they were residents of . Another prisoner was later discharged in 1980 bringing the complete number of prisoners held down to 52. The prisoners were at long last liberated following 444 days on 21st January 1981.This corresponded with the debut address of President Ronald Reagan. There are a few inquiries that are being posed on what could have been the real reason for the assault on the US government office in Tehran by the ace Ayatollah understudies. There are changed perspectives on what could have inspired them into the demonstration. No compelling reason to begin another passage. The subject has not changed. You open another section just when you change to another theme. It is for the most part said that the acknowledgment of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in New York may have been the reason for the emergency. Regardless of the acknowledgment of Shah into US soil being taken to be the prompt reason for the assault, the prisoner taking was really roused by considerably more than Shah’s acknowledgment. Despite the fact that, by all accounts, Shah's acknowledgment into the U.S. soil was asserted to be the primary driver behind the prisoner emergency, the genuine purposes for the inspiration ran a lot further than that. This The prisoner emergency was a road henceforth utilized as front by that the members in the demonstration used to make their dismay known and to show that they were splitting endlessly from the past where the Americans had been meddling with the Iran’s interior issues by supporting the Shah.

Business: Communism and United States Essay

Julie Marshall’s first cousin, Jean-Paul, lives and works in Belgium. They have had long â€Å"discussions† by means of email about the advantages and disadvantages of living in the US, an entrepreneur framework, as opposed to living in Belgium, a communist monetary framework. Jean-Paul shielded Belgium’s framework. What do you think Julie would state about the advantages of living in the US and the downsides of living in Belgium, and how might Jean-Paul react? Clarify Julie’s position and Jean-Paul’s reaction in an article design that is at any rate 250 words long. I would state that the U.S. advantages would be better in light of the fact that it’s greater chance and you progress more into your vocation as opposed to getting benefits outside the U.S. I mean Arnold Swarzenegger said it better on 106 and Park. He said that’s how his profession had begun and had taken off since the time he was 21 when he had won Mr. Universe. With the entrepreneur framework in the U.S. you reserve the privilege to claim private property, the option to possess a business and keep all that business’s benefits, the privilege to opportunity of finish, and the privilege to opportunity of decision. Under private enterprise most factors of creation and dispersion are claimed by people. The industrialist framework is the establishment of the United States. With the communist monetary framework the framework ought to be possessed by the administration and depends on premise and different organizations. The significant advantage for a communist financial framework is social uniformity in light of the fact that the administration takes salary regardless of in the event that you are rich or poor. Likewise instruction can be free through school, free medicinal services, and free kid care. On the off chance that you are in a communist nation you get longer get-aways, not so much hours, but rather more representative advantages, however private enterprise wins. A Marxist society would have no private property rights and products delivered in it. It would be dispersed among the residents. The U.S. is making infant strides on controlling communism. Communism makes more fairness than free enterprise and it will in general outcome in less creations. I would think Julie might want the advantages better in the United States and he would of reacted with well meaning goals on the United States Benefits.

I am home. Small thanks to the Airlines.

I am home. Small thanks to the Airlines. My first reaction to the ridiculously ridiculous airline adventure I just had was to write something along these lines and send it to the CEO of my airline, or as high up as possible. My Good Sir, Have you ever ridden on an airplane? During the Holiday Season? Without your Super-Sparkly-Platinum members benefits? Incognito, so that your employees dont know that they need to behave around you? Might I make a small suggestion? DO. Then go back to your interviews and repeat, We need to take excellent care of our customer, and MEAN it this time. I could tell you a story about a traveler who arrived at the wrong airport after a trip four times longer than the one purchased. Or they could. To paraphrase: Well arrive in time for your delayed connection. Though you sprinted through the airport and made the connection, we decided to give your seat away Oops, I miscounted, you could have been on that one. You definitely have a seat on the next flight. The next flight has been canceled. Since before you spoke with the last agent. There is no hope for you. Oh, you can standby on another airline. Let me transfer that ticket. What? They say we havent transferred the ticket? Well, thats because we arent allowed to. No, its not possible. I dont care if they say it needs to be done. I dont care if the other employee told you she did it. You have issues with communication. Huh. Yeah, sometimes transferring tickets gets messed up when they do it at the airport. Let me put you on a flight to another city. Were leaving at 8. 9. 9:40. 10. 10: 30. 10:50. 11:30. Well get you out sometime, we swear. Unless the pilots hours roll over before they get here. Then they need to rest. Have you noticed that this ALWAYS happens? At least seen it in the movies? Random guess: This will happen to masses of people next year, too. Im sick of airlines who tell me I am not communicating correctly when they wont share gate information with the the next terminal. When each employee I speak to contradicts the previous one. Im sick of being offered a limited-offer discounted hotel room when this whole mess is your fault. (And dont blame the weather. You chose your hub. An idiot could have told you it has lousy weather EVERY year exactly when everyone wants to get home.) Im sick of limited blanket and cot supplies and nearly nonexistent power outlets. Im walking home next year. Yours sincerely, Kimberly F. Dietz Except it was originally going to be longer and angrier. And delivered by a hit man. A hit man who smelling like rotting fish, adding that extra epsilon of unpleasantness to the situation. But of course I calmed down eventually, and I do realize the futility of this approach. So I started trying to think constructively. Ideas For Improved Holiday Travel On Airlines I was delayed for several hours because the crew assigned to my plane was stranded elsewhere, and there was no one to fly it, though it sat at the gate gathering ice. I see that your retired pilots club has over 900 dues-paying members. While many of them have surely let their pilots licenses lapse, I cant believe they all have, if only because some must have retired recently. Hire them on again for the holidays! Pay them handsomely to be on call at busy airports. Or just teach your customers to fly while theyre sitting there bored for hours on end, year after year. (Kidding.) You know how you have those little oxygen masks that pop down from the ceiling in case of an emergency? And have maybe been used once? Something less life-threatening but faaaar more common than losing cabin pressure is having a flight delayed indefinitely. Even in the rare event that the airline is giving out blankets, many people dont dare go seek them out, lest they miss their flight if/when it comes. I suggest adapting the existing technology to this situation. Imagine the commercial featuring the announcement! It begins with a shot of passengers sitting at the gate. In the event of a change in boarding time, the comfort compartment above your seat will open automatically. Ceiling panels slide back and blankets, pillows, snacks and games pop down on the ends of bungee cords, bouncing around as they dangle just above the passengers heads. Assist others in need of assistance before getting too comfortable yourself. Cut to a shot of a parent carefully helping a kid open the plastic wrap on their new coloring book, then grabbing a pillow, blanket, and novel from the dangling cords, snuggling into their seat, and reading. Name of Airline: Handling Every Emergency. Keep your Arrival and Departure monitors up to date, for obvious reasons. Make the process by which you update those monitors more transparent. Today a fellow passenger said to me, You know, Ive always wondered about what goes on in the little room [where someone must be predicting when the flight might leave]. Use all those idle people waiting to board planes. For instance: let them update a (probably separate) board with information they know about delays and their reasons, weather in various areas of the country, etc. Give them a small percentage off of their next flight ticket if they contribute, with a promised punishment if the information they contribute turns out to be incorrect. Id enroll in this program immediately. Organize the inter-airline tug-of-war competition between terminals. Or a poetry jam. Or a chess tournament. Make SURE your employees are competent. Dont tolerate employees who goof off with each other while long lines wait, who give incorrect information, who dont know how to transfer tickets. Open lines of communication with other airlines. Arrange to share gate information. Arrange to trade off, covering for each other in areas where one has stronger coverage than the other. Remember Miracle on 34th Street ? Everyone loved Macys after they started keeping track of their competitors toys too and sending them to whatever store had what the customer really wanted. Emulate them. Of course, this sort of suggestion list is also quite likely to go unnoticed. Then, I had one final idea. So, last week a Facebook friend asked me to up-rate his suggestion on Change.orgs Ideas For Change In America Site. The idea is that every throws in their ideas, then they consider each others and vote on them, and the top 10 are given to the Obama team on Inauguration Day. We could do something like this. If everyone else who had a bad travel experience puts in their ideas and also comments on which others they think are good, Ill type up a few of them and forward them to airline CEOs (or whoever the correct contact person is.) And they likely still wont listen. But heres to trying with a spirit of Audacious Hope. p.s. To those of you still out there: Good Luck!!

The Crime On The Block - 1440 Words

Our daily doses of the latest gossip and news of those around us never seem to have an objective. We are shown various articles from potential presidential candidates to the latest crime on the block, and very few enlightening stories. Each article may seem rather at random and just picked in order of the most intriguing to the less interesting, but it just goes to show how unknowingly we are influenced by the press today. The press has the power to manipulate the way we perceive our surroundings with the legitimate authority to do so. It is only up to our own morals and ethics to really understand who has power over us and to understand the differences between illegitimate and legitimate authority. Since 1791 when the First Amendment was†¦show more content†¦It is because of our First Amendment rights that it is lawful for media to manipulate us. We give our consent to the journalist to persuade our views in such a way by purchasing the newspaper, thus its authority to do s o is legitimate. We may not approve of the views presented in the article, but it is put upon us as more of an obligation to abide by the norm in order to stay in tune with our peers in what can be called more of a ‘practical’ authority. The other type of authority that we can identify in journalism is ‘theoretical’ authority. This is where we go to the newspapers for information on things because it is more of their ‘expertise’ to do the research or to provide the information. This can be a case of journalism where, as McChesney states, â€Å"Coverage tends to be a barrage of facts and official statements.† On the other hand it can be a very opinionated style of journalism with a clear objective. For example, as Rick Horowitz mentions in his recent Huffington Post titled â€Å"Black lives Matter (The ‘Too’ is Silent)†, â€Å"It s pretty easy to understand. Unless you re trying not to.† His style of writing exe mplifies the second type of power we see in journalism called Liberal2. Liberal2 is a type of power where citizens are deprived of something that they otherwise would pursue. In Horowitz’ post we can see that he leaves no room for

Discrimination Level of the African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Native Americans Free Essay Example, 2750 words

English culture is what serves as the yardstick pertaining to the evaluation of other ethnic sub-population although elements of other ethnic cultures have been absorbed completely. Groups such as the African Americans, Latino Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans are being discriminated against many benefits that the majority groups enjoy. On a general platform, the minority groups experienced a unique treatment as compared to the majority members. For example, minorities were denied the chance of renting or even own an apartment. Secondly, the minorities as much as they could come from a different region, they were made to share certain cultural and physical characteristics. This made them be recognized by the majority group. A member of a minority was made to marry each other. The majority was not willing to marry the minority, and thus, to some extent, this drew a line of discrimination. Therefore, the minority faced a rebel from the majority. However, several factors will always outline the type of discrimination faced by a certain minority as compared to another. It is imperative that some aspects such as origin, race, culture, and political adherences formed the basis of discrimination against the minority (Carlisle 101). We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination Level of the African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Native Americans or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The African American people faced racial discrimination, segregation, as well as the whites expression of their supremacy then. The whites expressed this discrimination by doing race riots and lynching.

Traffic Jam in Dhaka City Free Essays

EXAMINATION OF PROFITABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH BANKING INDUSTRY Nadim Jahangir’, Shubhankar Shill2 and Md. Amlan Jahid Haque3 Abstract Loans are the riskiest asset of a bank, but these loans play a pivotal role in banks’ profitability. Banks ‘profitability depends on the results of some parameters and among them Bank b Return on Equity, Market Size, Market Concentration Index, and Bank RiskMeasure are widely used and the same are investigated in the Bangladesh Banking Industry in this study for a period of the last six years. We will write a custom essay sample on Traffic Jam in Dhaka City or any similar topic only for you Order Now The data comes from the annual reports of individual banks listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and from the Bangladesh bankb published statistics book (Scheduled Banks Statistics). Correlation matrix and stepwise regression have been used for the purpose of data analysis. The analysisfinds that market concentration and bank b risk do little to explain bank b return on equity, whereas bankb market size is the only variable providing an explanation for banks return on equity in the context of Bangladesh. Introduction The tmhtional measure ofprofitabilitythrough stockholder’s equity is quite different in banking industry ffom any other sector ofbusiness, where loan-to-deposit ratio works as a very good ndicator ofbanks’ profitabiJity as it depicts the status of asset-liabilitymanagement ofbanks. But banks’ risk is not only associated with this asset- liability management but also related to growth opportunity. Smooth growth insures higher future returns to holders and there lies the profitability which means not only current profits but future returns as well. So, market size and market concentration index along with return to equity and loan-to-deposit ratio seize the attention of analyzing the banks’ profitability. The banking industry of Bangladesh is a mixed one comprising nationalized, private and foreign ommercial banks. Many efforts have been made to explain the performance of these banks. Understanding the performance ofbanks requires knowledge about the profitability and the relationshps between variables like market size, bank’s risk and bank’s market size with profitability. Indeed, the performance evaluation of commercial banks is especially important today because of the fierce competition. The banking (1) Dr. Nadim Jahangir (Associate Professor) holds a Ph. D. in Management from Australian Catholic University and now is teachmg in the Independent University of Bangladesh. (2) Shubhankar Shill (Lecturer) holds Master degree in Finance from Dhaka University (Bangladesh) and now is teaching in the School of Business, Independent University of Bangladesh. (3) Md. Arnlan Jahid Haque (Lecturer) holds a Master degree in Management from Rajshahi University (Bangladesh) and now is teaching in the School of Business, Independent University of Bangladesh. 36 ABAC Journal Vol. 27, No. 2 (May – August, 2007, pp. 36 – 46) Examination of PI .ofitability in the Context ofBangladesh Banking Indusqr industry is experiencing major transition for the last two decades. It is becoming imperative for banks to endure the pressure arising from oth internal and external factors and prove to be profitable. Until early 1985, Bangladesh had a highlyrepressed financial sector (Chowhdury, 2002). Banks and other financial institutions were fully owned by the government. In the early part of 1980, Bangladesh entered into the IMF and World Bank adjustment programs and the process of privatization and liberalization gained momentum under the influence ofthe World Bank and the IMF. Sinc e then the banking industry of Bangladesh has become an attractive ground for both domestic and foreign investors to take part in the game. It is of utmost importance that these layers prove themselves profitable. Andrews (1975) noted that it is essential to understand the strategies to achieve greater profitability. In line with this, the current study makes an effort to unearth those pillars which are major constituents of strategies and goals. This paper intends to analyze the importance of internal and external factors for banks return on equity. Specifically, the purpose of the study is to closely examine the relationships of bank’s market concentration, market size, and bank’s risk with return on equity. The intention is to decide which amongst the potential determinants appear to be mportant. Hassan, Khan, and Haque, (1 995) previously examined banks’ profitability considering monetary affect and concentration in context of Bangladesh. However Fraser, Phi lips, and Rose (1974) stated that performance of commercial banks should not be measured by a single proxy but by a set of variables which are jointly determined by market structure, demand, and other factors. Therefore, the current study aims to propose and examine a framework incorporating bank’s market concentration, bank’s market size, bank’s risk, and identify the relationships of these variables with bank’s return on equity in context f Bangladesh. Literature Review Market Size Cravens (2000) elaborated that, market size is usually measured by currency, sales andlor unit sales for any product market and also in specified time period other size measurement include the number of buyers’ average purchase quantity, frequency of purchase for any product oriented market. As a result the key measures of market size are market potential, sales forecast, and market share. In another study on banking reformation Thorsten and Ross (2002) measured the ma rket size ofbanks against the GDP and to measure bank size, Thorsten and Ross (2002) used bank credit to he private sector as a share of GDP. Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic (2002) suggested that the extent to whichvarious financial, legal, and other factors (e. g. corruption) affect bank profitability is closely linked to size. In addition, as Short (1 979) argued, size is closely related to the capital adequacy of a bank since relatively banks tend to raise less expensive capital and, hence, appear more profitable. Luthria and Dhar (2005) defined market size as the scale of economic activity over which agents can contact. They tried to measure market size or space by national borders. Large space creates the potential or reaping economies of scale and the scope for specialization as well. It requires specific investments in physical and human capital, as well as marketing channels, constrained by slow- moving economic activity. Market Concentration The concentration aspect is particu larly important for the transition economies and it has been very commonly used as the measurement of Nadim Jrrhangir. Shubhankar ShiN and 1Mn. Amlan Jahid Haque profitability ofbanlung industry. Atbanasoglou, Brissims, and Delis (2005) argue that banking systems are highly concentrated, with little separation between central and commercial banking ctivities in order to facilitate the banks’ role in the planning process. Ahighly concentrated banking sector results in market power for the banks. As opposed to perfect competition, banks having monopoly power would lead to an equilibrium characterized by higher loan costs and a smaller quantity of loanable hnds (Cetorelli Gambera, 2001). According to Alzaidanin (2003) when a large share of the business of a given industry is controlled by few large firms or concentrated in a few pockets the situation is usually termed as a slate ofconcentration. However, Deidda and Fattouh (2002) showed theoretically as well as mpirically that the relationship between banking concentration and return on equity depended on the level of economic development. More specifically, banking concentration had an adverse impact on return on equity only in low income countries. For high income countries, there was no significant effect between the two variables. Additionally, Beck, Maksimovic, and Vojislav (2003) found that this effect is especially strong if a state has a weak legal system, high level ofcorruption and a low level ofeconomic and financial development. Since these factors are true for at least some of the economies under consideration, ne would expect low banking concentration to foster return on equity. Bank Risk According to Allen (1 997), banks tend to focus on areas where they believe they have a comparative advantage to maximize efficiency in making loans. This approach makes banks give attention to geographic, industry specific demographics, and other market characteristics to operate. Calomiris and Karceski (1 998) noted that diversification and different levels ofriskyness is the result ofdifferences across banks in the scale oftheir operations. As economic conditions vary across different regions and industrial sectors, therefore ank riskyness and return on equity also vary across different regions. Gerlach, Peng, and Shu (2004) took a different approach in defining Banks’ risk. Poor management qualities in inefficient institutions have a tendency to cany higher risk (credit risk, operating risk, liquidity). The credit risk on any individual loan can be broken down into two components, the probability that the borrower will default, and the losses incurred in the event ofdefault. In an earlier study on asset quality of commercial banks Stafon (2000) found that bank return on equity driven mainly by changes in Net Interest Margins NIMs) and loan provision which in turn were determined by asset quality. However, Greusning and Bratanovic (2003) revealed that return on equity is a revealing indicator of a bank’s competitive position in banking markets and of the quality of its management. The authors further elaborated that the income statement ofa bank is a key source of information on a bank’s return on equity, reveals the sources ofa bank’s earning and their quantity and quality as well as the quality of the bank’s loan portfolio and the focus of its expenditures. Relationship between market concentration and banks ‘return on ecjuitv The mpirical findings on the relationship between market concentration and return on equity are as diverse as the theoretical underpinnings. Parsley and Wei (1 985) found that young firrns in concentrated markets receive more credits than in competitive markets, with no difference for older firms, which results in a positive effect on return on equity. In contrast, Examination of Profitability in the Context of Bangladesh Banking Indust, Cetorelli and Gambera (2001) concluded that banking conc entration leads to an overall depressing effect on return on equity. The authors suggest that increased competition (thus less oncentration) causes a rise in entrepreneurship and thus a higher rate of new firm creation. Very convincing is the recent work of Deidda and Fattouh (2002) showing theoretically as well as empirically that the relationship between banking concentration and return on equity depends on the level of economic development. More specifically, banking concentration has an adverse impact on ROE only in low income countries. For hlgh income countries, there is no significant effect between the two variables. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed: Hypotheis1 : There is a significant relationship between Bank’s arket concentration and Bank’s return on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Relationship between market size and banks’ return on equity Shepherd (1972) mentioned a positive relation between the market size and return o n equity. Such a nature ofrelationship continues to receive a great deal of attention. Seedier and Gee (1 96 1) suggested that the variability ofthe growth rate ofbank assets declines with the market size. Demerguq- Kunt and Huizinga (2001) noted that growth ofmarket size, in contrast, is positively and significantly related to profit growth. Again by following the same path of Smirlock (1 985), Alzaidanin (2003) mentioned a positive and significant relationship between banks’ size and banks’ return on equity based on product differentiations. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed: Hypothesis 2: There is a significant relationship between Bank’s market size and Bank’s retum on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Relationship between banks’ risk and banks’ return on equity Gizycki (2001) stated that even though return on equity is influenced by bank’s credit risk, the relationship between the two is not straightforward. Movements in the retum on assets will reflect not just credit risk, ut the full range of risks, including bank’s exposures to movements in interest rates and exchange rates, liquidity risk and operational risks. Moreover, banks return on equity reflects not just risk-taking, but also other factors such as the mix ofon and offbalance sheet business, operating efficiency, the level of co mpetition within the banking market, and regulatory constraints. Banks earn higher returns by taking on riskier business, this will boost the return on equity. However, if a bank experiences losses beyond what it had provisioned for, such losses will reduce return on equity. Bourke (1 989) reports hat the effect of credit risk on retum on equity appears clearlynegative. This result may be explained by taking into account the fact that the more financial institutions are exposed to high- risk loans, the higher is the accumulation ofunpaid loans, implying that these loan losses have produced lower returns to many commercial banks. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed: Hypothesis 3: There is a significant relationship between Bank’s risk and Bank’s return on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Conceptual framework It is proposed that bank’s market concentration, bank’s market size, and ank’s risk are important in the context ofthe ir relationships with bank’s return on equity. Based on the preceding literature review, the following framework was proposed. Nadim Jahangir, Shubhankar Shill and Md. Amlan Jahid Haque The conceptual Mework (figure 1) depicts sample size is trimmed down to 15 because of the measured variables and their relationships in inaccessibility of data. To run the analysis data the present study. fiom the year 2000 to 2005 data were used. Measures Methodology Research setting To calculate profitability of selected banks, the following ratios were used: Only the listed banks n the Dhaka Stock . Bank’s return on equity (ROE) = Exchange were selected for this study. The Net Income / Total Equity researchers collected secondary data from the annual reports of these banks. Market size= Individual bank’s deposit / Total banks’ deposit Srrr~lpliilg nlethod Market Concentration index = Market size Currently the Dhaka Stock Exchange has 23 listed banks. Therefore, the rese archers have . Bank Risk Measure = selected 23 banks in Bangladesh. However, the Bank’s total loan / total deposit Bd’s Market Concentration Bank’s Market Size. B’d’s Risk Bank’s Return on Equity Figre1 : Conceptr~l Framework of proposed variables and their relationshps. Examination of Profitability in the Context of Bangladesh Banking Industry The relevant reasons and credentials behind the above measures ofprofitability ofbanks are as follows: According to Al-Shamrnari M. and Salirni A. (1 998) profitability ratio especially ROE signals the earning capability of the organization. They also suggest that higher return on equity (ROE) ratio is appreciable as it is the primary indicator ofbank’s profitability and functional efficiency. Besides that the authors pointed out that higher liquidityratio pulls strength of peration up. Thus, fiom their view it can be stated that bank risk can be offset through lower loan-to-deposit ratio. For bank, the capital sufficiency is important to fiu-ther growth as well as profitability. Conversely, more loans derive higher credit risk, higher rate of nonperforming loans, and lower return on asset as well as equity. They provided a data envelopment analysi s (DEA) model to explore the financial position ofcommercial banks in Jordan. Therefore, ROE is used here to measure the profitabilitywhich is the most sought after measure among all. Philippatos andYildlrim (2007) recommended that the arket attractiveness and profitability has a positive relationship in the context of monopolistic banking business. Force of lending can pull up through increase efficiency of own capital and competency. However, earlier in 1977, Heggestad explained that if the individual bank has higher market share it is sure to enjoy monopoly which helps the bank to extend market concentration and reduce risk. The ultimate result is the increase ofreturn on equity (ROE). He also said that risk is a fimdamental factor in pulling up profit. But, market size diverts risk hm business and confirms smooth growth and secured ROE. How to cite Traffic Jam in Dhaka City, Papers

Vanillin Determination free essay sample

Vanillin is most commonly found in food flavour formulations, perfumes and fragrances and has been used in drugs used by those who suffer from Parkinson’s disease (RHODIA, 2013). Physical State| Solid at 20oC| Form| Crystalline powder| Colour| Colourless to slight yellow| Odour| Vanilla| Melting point| 80 – 83. 5oC| Boiling Point| 154oC at 13. 3 hPa284oC at 1013 hPa| Relative density| 1. 06g/cm3 at 20oC| Molecular weight| 152. 15 g/mol| Table 1: physical properties of vanillin (RHODIA, 2013) EXTRACTION OF VANILLIN FROM IMITATION VANILLA ESSENCE Vanillin may be removed from imitation vanilla essence by mixing it with an organic solvent such as dichloromethane and then mixing the vanillin molecule with dilute sodium hydroxide to make it into a sodium salt so that it is in its aqueous phase (Southam, 2013). This is done as in the first step the pure vanillin is attracted to the dichloromethane as they are both organic structures and have similar intermolecular forces (dispersion). The second step involves mixing it with sodium hydroxide and this is done as the phenol group reacts with the sodium hydroxide to create a sodium salt and water, the sodium salt then wants to stay in this aqueous phase due to the similarity in the dipole-dipole bonding. We will write a custom essay sample on Vanillin Determination or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page + NaOH = + H2O Figure 2: Reaction of Vanillin with Sodium Hydroxide AIM The aim of this experiment is to determine how much vanillin is in imitation vanilla essence by extracting the vanillin from the vanilla essence and to measure its absorbance using UV-Visible spectrometry. Experimental Diluted essence (10ml, 100 times diluted) was pipetted into a 100ml separating funnel. 20ml of dichloromethane was added to the diluted essence. The funnel was then shaken vigorously for 2 minutes with gas being release occasionally. The organic phase (lower layer) was released into a 100ml beaker and another 20 ml of dichloromethane was added to the funnel and shaken vigorously for another 2 minutes. The organic phase (lower layer) was again released into the 100 ml beaker. The contents of the funnel were disposed of. The organic phase was then added back into the separating funnel with 40ml of 0. M sodium hydroxide solution and shaken well for 2 minutes. The organic phase was released and disposed of and the aqueous phase was kept and transferred to a 250ml volumetric flask and the volume was made up with 0. 1M sodium hydroxide. Standards were then made using the 50mg/L standard provided and mixing with 0. 1M sodium hydroxide to create standards with 1,2,3,4,5 mg/L concentrations. Each solution was run through the UV – Visible spectrometer to find the absorbance and then the concentration. Your vanilla essence extract| 0. 430| Solution for 100% extraction efficiency| 0. 450| Table 2: UV-Visible Spectrometry Results Figure 3: Graph of absorbance vs concentration From the results data can be gathered to determine how much vanillin is in vanillin essence. A graph can be made with the absorbance values from the standards that were made and from that graph the concentration of the vanillin in the vanilla essence extract can be found using the absorbance and the equation from the line of best fit from the graph. In this case the concentration of the vanillin in the vanilla essence extract will be 2. 9 mg/L. To get the true concentration of the vanillin in vanilla essence the dilution factor needs to be found. The dilution factor is found that 10mL of the 100 times diluted sample was made up to 250ml so that makes the end sample 2500 times diluted. To get the true concentration of vanillin in vanilla essence the concentration found needs to be multiplied by 2500. The concentration of vanillin in vanilla essence is 5739. 25 mg/L. Conclusions and further work A solution with 100% extraction of vanillin from vanilla essence was provided and had a concentration of 2. mg/L, the final concentration of the vanillin from the vanilla essence in this experiment was 2. 29 mg/L, indicating that this experiment had 95. 42% efficiency. This final result also establishes that there is 5739. 25 mg/L of vanillin in vanilla essence.